@article{Malik_Khan_-Rahman_Malik_2014, title={Periodontal Diseases – A Shisha Smoker’s Worst Nightmare}, volume={18}, url={https://www.annalskemu.org/journal/index.php/annals/article/view/466}, DOI={10.21649/akemu.v18i4.466}, abstractNote={<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><strong>Objectives:  </strong>To review the effects of smoking shisha on oral health, with particular emphasis on the effects of periodontal diseases. The present study was under-taken to evaluate smoking as a risk factor for perio-dontal disease in Rawalpindi. A total of 250 patients between the age group of 20 - 55 years with the habit of smoking shisha participated in this study. This was based on gender, age group, frequency and duration of smoking shisha and its effects on periodontal health.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong>  The prevalence of smoking was 77% amo-ng men and 33% among women. Among men, the highest prevalence was observed in the youngest age group (20 - 40 years). Among women the highest pre-valence was observed in one of the older age groups (46 - 50 years). The levels of plaque and gingivitis were recorded on four sites of all teeth present exclu-ding third molars, using the plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI.)</p><p><strong>Results:</strong>  Showed increase in gingival inflammation, calculus formation, and bleeding and moderate pocket formation. The duration of smoking had significant in-fluence on periodontal health since smoking for more than 10yrs being more liable for presence of pockets than smokers for > 5 years.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong>  Smoking, Shisha smoking, Risk Factors and Periodontal Diseases.</p>}, number={4}, journal={Annals of King Edward Medical University}, author={Malik, Abdul Razzaq and Khan, Wasif Ali and -Rahman, Inayat- ur and Malik, Saman}, year={2014}, month={Jan.}, pages={338} }